Kodi chigoba chimapangidwa ndi zinthu ziti? Kodi N95 ndi chiyani?

Pambuyo pa mliri watsopano wa coronavirus, anthu ochulukirachulukira azindikira kufunika kwa masks. Kotero, chidziwitso cha sayansi chokhudza masks.Kodi mukudziwa?

Kodi kusankha chigoba?

Pankhani ya mapangidwe, ngati adayikidwa molingana ndi kufunikira kwa chitetezo cha wovalayo (kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi): Masks a N95> masks opangira opaleshoni> masks wamba azachipatala> masks wamba wamba.

Pachibayo chomwe chili ndi kachilombo ka coronavirus, masks opangira opaleshoni ndi masks okhala ndi kusefera kwa tinthu tating'ono topanda mafuta kuposa kapena chofanana ndi 95%, monga N95, KN95, DS2, FFP2, ali ndi mphamvu yotsekereza.

Gulu la masks azachipatala

Pakadali pano, masks azachipatala ku China amagawidwa m'mitundu itatu: masks oteteza kuchipatala omwe ali ndi chitetezo chambiri, masks opangira opaleshoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira opaleshoni monga zipinda zochitira opaleshoni, ndi masks wamba omwe amatha kutaya.

Zinthu za masks azachipatala

Nthawi zambiri timanena kuti masks amapangidwa ndi nsalu zopanda nsalu, zomwe ndi nsalu zopanda nsalu poyerekeza ndi nsalu. Amapangidwa ndi ulusi wolunjika kapena wosasintha. Makamaka masks, zida zawo zonse ndi polypropylene (PP), ndipo masks azachipatala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magawo angapo, omwe amatchedwa ma SMS.

Chidziwitso cha mankhwala

Polypropylene, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti PP, ndi chinthu cholimba chopanda mtundu, chosanunkha, chopanda poizoni, komanso chowoneka bwino chopangidwa ndi polymerization ya propylene. Mapangidwe a maselo ndi - [CH2CH (CH3)] n -. Polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi monga zovala ndi mabulangete, zida zamankhwala, magalimoto, njinga, magawo, mapaipi, zotengera zamankhwala, komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya ndi mankhwala.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro amask zipangizo, polypropylene high melting point non-woluck nsalu yapadera zinthu zakhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri, kupanga zinthu za polypropylene ndi kusungunula misa yothamanga ya 33-41g / min, kukumana ndi muyezo wa nsalu zaukhondo za polypropylene zopanda nsalu.

Nsalu zosalukidwa zopangidwa kuchokera ku nsalu za polypropylene zopanda nsalu zapadera zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mikanjo ya opaleshoni yotayidwa, ma sheet, masks, zophimba, zotengera zamadzimadzi ndi zinthu zina zamankhwala ndi zaumoyo. Pakati pawo, masks osalukidwa amapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za nsalu zopanda nsalu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazachipatala komanso zaumoyo, zokhala ndi nsalu yopopera yopopera yokhala ndi kusefera komanso antibacterial mphamvu yopitilira 99.999% yowonjezeredwa pakati, yomwe imawotchedwa ndi mafunde akupanga.

Chigoba cha anti virus

Masks omwe amatha kupereka chitetezo cha ma virus makamaka amaphatikiza masks opangira opaleshoni ndi masks a N95. Malinga ndi mulingo wapadziko lonse wa YY 0469-2004 "Zofunikira Zaukadaulo Pa Masks Opangira Opaleshoni Yachipatala", zisonyezo zofunika zaukadaulo zomwe masks opangira opaleshoni ayenera kukwaniritsa ndikuphatikiza kusefera bwino, kusefera kwa mabakiteriya, komanso kukana kupuma:

Kusefedwa bwino: Pansi pa momwe mpweya umayendera (30 ± 2) L/mphindi, kusefa kwa aerosol ya sodium kolorayidi yokhala ndi mainchesi apakatikati a (0.24 ± 0.06) μ m mu aerodynamics sikuchepera 30%;

Bakiteriya kusefera dzuwa: Pazimenezi, kusefera dzuwa kwa Staphylococcus aureus aerosols ndi pafupifupi tinthu awiri a (3 ± 0.3) μ m sadzakhala zosakwana 95%;

Kukana kupuma: Pansi pa momwe kusefera kwachangu kumayenda, kukana kolimbikitsa sikudutsa 49Pa ndipo kukana kwa kupuma sikudutsa 29.4Pa.

Njira yachiwiri yowonetsetsa kusefera kwa bakiteriya ndikuti kusefera kwa ma aerosols a bakiteriya a Staphylococcus aureus sikuyenera kuchepera 95%, komwe ndiko chiyambi cha lingaliro la N95. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale masks a N95 si masks azachipatala, amakwaniritsa muyeso wa kusefera kwa 95% ndipo amatha kukwanira nkhope ya munthu, kotero amathanso kutenga nawo mbali popewa ma virus.

Sungunulani nsalu yopanda nsalu yowombedwa

Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimabweretsa zosefera za ma virus ku mitundu iwiri ya masks awa ndi nsalu yabwino kwambiri komanso ya electrostatic yamkati yosanjikiza - nsalu yopanda nsalu yosungunuka.

Chinthu chachikulu chansalu yowombedwa yopanda nsalu ndi polypropylene, yomwe ndi nsalu yabwino kwambiri ya electrostatic fiber yomwe imatha kugwira fumbi. Pamene m'malovu munali chibayo HIV kuyandikira meltblown sanali nsalu nsalu, iwo adzakhala electrostatically adsorbed padziko sanali nsalu nsalu ndipo sangathe kudutsa.

Ichi ndi mfundo za nkhaniyi kudzipatula mabakiteriya. Pambuyo kugwidwa ndi ultrafine electrostatic fibers, fumbi ndilovuta kwambiri kulichotsa chifukwa cha kuyeretsa, ndipo kusamba ndi madzi kungathenso kuwononga mphamvu ya electrostatic suction. Choncho, mtundu uwu wa chigoba ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kamodzi kokha. Miyezo yoyenera yosefera yosungunuka ya masks athyathyathya ndi: mulingo wamba, BFE95 (95% kusefera bwino), BFE99 (99% kusefera bwino), VFE95 (99% kusefera bwino), PFE95 (99% kusefera bwino), KN90 (90% kusefera bwino).

Zolemba zenizeni

Masks opangira opaleshoni nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu za nsalu zosalukidwa. Nsaluyo ndi ya spunbond yosalukidwa + yosungunuka yopanda nsalu + yosungunukaspunbond sanali nsalu nsalu. Zingwe zazifupi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pagawo limodzi kuti khungu liwoneke bwino, lomwe ndi nsalu yotentha ya ES yotentha yopanda nsalu + yosungunuka yopanda nsalu + spunbond yopanda nsalu. Chigoba chakunja chimapangidwa kuti chiteteze madontho, gawo lapakati limasefedwa, ndipo kukumbukira kumatenga chinyezi. Nsalu za Meltblown nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa kuti zizilemera magalamu 20.

Chigoba chamtundu wa chikho cha N95 chimapangidwa ndi thonje lokhomeredwa ndi singano, nsalu yosungunuka, komanso nsalu zosalukidwa. Nsalu yosungunuka nthawi zambiri imalemera magalamu 40 kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo ndi makulidwe a thonje wokhomeredwa ndi singano, imawoneka yokulirapo kuposa maski athyathyathya pamawonekedwe, ndipo chitetezo chake chimatha kufikira 95%.

Magawo angapo a masks sanatchulidwe mu standard standard GB/T 32610 ya masks. Ngati ndi chigoba chachipatala, chiyenera kukhala ndi zigawo zitatu, zomwe timatcha SMS (2 zigawo za S ndi 1 wosanjikiza M). Pakadali pano, zigawo zapamwamba kwambiri ku China ndi 5, zomwe ndi SMMMS (2 zigawo za S ndi 3 zigawo za M). Sizovuta kupanga masks, koma ndizovuta kupanga nsalu za SMMMS. Mtengo wa zida zansalu zosalukidwa kuchokera kunja ukupitilira 100 miliyoni yuan.

The S apa ikuyimira spunbond wosanjikiza, yomwe imakhala ndi ulusi wowoneka bwino wa ma micrometer 20 (μ m). Mitundu iwiri ya Sspunbond wosanjikizamakamaka amathandiza lonse sanali nsalu kapangidwe kake ndipo alibe kwambiri zotsatira zotchinga katundu.

Chigawo chofunika kwambiri mkati mwa chigoba ndi chotchinga chotchinga kapena chosungunuka chosungunuka M. Mzere wa fiber wa meltblown wosanjikiza ndi woonda kwambiri, pafupifupi 2 micrometers (μ m), kotero ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a m'mimba mwake wa spunbond wosanjikiza. Izi zimathandiza kwambiri kuti mabakiteriya ndi magazi asalowe.

Ngati pali zigawo zambiri za S spunbond, chigobacho chimakhala cholimba, pomwe ngati pali zigawo zambiri za M meltblown, kupuma kumakhala kovuta. Choncho, vuto la kupuma mu chigoba lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuweruza zotsatira zake kudzipatula. Kupuma kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, kumakhala bwino kudzipatula. Komabe, ngati M wosanjikiza ukhala filimu yopyapyala, sikungapume, ndipo ma virus amatsekedwa, koma anthu sangathenso kupuma. Kotero, iyinso ndi nkhani yaukadaulo.

Kuti tifotokoze bwino nkhaniyi, tifanizira ulusi wa spunbond wosanjikiza wa S, wosanjikiza wa M wosanjikiza, ndi tsitsi pachithunzi chotsatirachi. Kwa tsitsi lokhala ndi mainchesi 1/3, lili pafupi ndi ulusi wa spunbond, pomwe tsitsi lokhala ndi mainchesi 1/30, limakhala pafupi ndi chikwapu chosungunuka cha M. Inde, ochita kafukufuku akupangabe ulusi wabwino kwambiri kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi antibacterial ndi zotchinga.

Monga tanenera kale, kukula kwa M wosanjikiza, kumapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tilowemo ngati mabakiteriya. Mwachitsanzo, N95 imatanthawuza kutha kutsekereza 95% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono (0.3 microns) pansi pamikhalidwe yabwinobwino. Malinga ndi muyezo wadziko lonse wa GB/T 19083 wa masks oteteza kuchipatala, kusefera kwa chigoba cha tinthu topanda mafuta kumakwaniritsa zomwe zili patsamba lomwe lili pansipa pamlingo wa 85L/min.
Tebulo 1: Kusefa Milingo ya Masks Oteteza Zachipatala

Kufotokozera pamwambapa, N95 kwenikweni ndi chigoba cha 5-wosanjikiza chopangidwa ndi polypropylene chosalukidwa ndi nsalu ya SMMMS yomwe imatha kusefa 95% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono.

Dongguan Liansheng Non Woven Technology Co., Ltd.idakhazikitsidwa mu Meyi 2020. Ndi bizinesi yayikulu yopanda nsalu yopanga nsalu kuphatikiza kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, kupanga, ndi malonda. Itha kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsalu za PP spunbond zosalukidwa ndi m'lifupi mwake osakwana 3.2 metres kuchokera ku 9 magalamu mpaka 300 magalamu.